摘要 :
The main objective of this manuscript is to look anew at Energy intensity, an indicator often used as measure of efficient economic development, which currently does not include any environmental component. The authors compared re...
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The main objective of this manuscript is to look anew at Energy intensity, an indicator often used as measure of efficient economic development, which currently does not include any environmental component. The authors compared results obtained on the same sample by using Energy Intensity, a well known indicator, and Index of Energy Intensity Cost, an improved indicator suggested by the authors. The new indicator includes carbon emission cost, since 96% of carbon emission is result of energy con
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This paper presents a framework to evaluate the effectiveness of energy policies and provides a contextual view of measures on energy polices in linking with the objective of a sustainable economy. Firstly, Taiwan's energy policy ...
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This paper presents a framework to evaluate the effectiveness of energy policies and provides a contextual view of measures on energy polices in linking with the objective of a sustainable economy. Firstly, Taiwan's energy policy is overviewed by analyzing the energy-related data to examine its deficit according to the framework presented. This paper finds that the energy policy adopted fails to attain the objective of a sustainable economy because energy consumption and CO_2 emissions still keep upward trends. It also concludes that an energy policy should focus on (1) improving energy efficiency, (2) reshaping industry structure and (3) improving energy structure. In other words, the energy policy maker should create an environment that can motivate the development of clean energy supply and utilization for the achievement of energy policy objectives.
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This study attempted to identify the common trends for the 'black' and 'green' economic development of the major developed and developing countries as well as exceptions to these trends. It investigated these economies' energy and...
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This study attempted to identify the common trends for the 'black' and 'green' economic development of the major developed and developing countries as well as exceptions to these trends. It investigated these economies' energy and carbon dependences in the last 42 years and their renewable energy growths in the last ten years. In addition to the traditional concept of 'energy intensity', this study developed the terms of 'black energy intensity' and 'green energy intensity' to test the hypothesis that the decrease in the former and the increase in the latter indicated an economy's degree of transition to the sustainable development. It examined the major economies' green energy intensities both with and without hydropower. The results revealed however that only a few EU countries passed both tests. Based on the major economies' black energy intensities, carbon intensities, and green energy intensities, the study discussed their policy implications for these economies' transformation to the sustainable development.
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The paper makes a cross country analysis of the energy intensity in manufacturing sectors. Empirical data for this purpose is gathered from the databases of two international agencies namely the IEA (International Energy Agency) a...
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The paper makes a cross country analysis of the energy intensity in manufacturing sectors. Empirical data for this purpose is gathered from the databases of two international agencies namely the IEA (International Energy Agency) and the UNIDO (UN International Development Organization), which provide energy consumption and manufacturing output data respectively. The analyses are carried out with exploratory as well as formal statistical methods to identify the driving factors explaining energy intensity, identify trends and facilitate comparisons. The results from modeling the energy intensities with a linear mixed-effects model show some driving factors that explain the energy intensities. In general, the energy intensities of industrial sectors decreased around the world. In particular, industrialized countries with higher value of GDP (gross domestic product) per capita tend to have lower energy intensity indicating that efficiency in energy use is achieved along with the technological advancement. Countries with higher GDP and smaller population tend to have lower energy intensity values and a lower energy intensity index.
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Several econometric studies, some undertaken for industrialised countries and some for emerging economies, have found that export participation by industrial enterprises tends to lower their energy intensity and CO2 emissions inte...
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Several econometric studies, some undertaken for industrialised countries and some for emerging economies, have found that export participation by industrial enterprises tends to lower their energy intensity and CO2 emissions intensity. Similar studies undertaken for Indian manufacturing firms using firm-level data have also reached the same conclusion. This paper uses plant-level data for 2008-2015 to examine the impact of export intensity on the energy intensity of Indian manufacturing. The use of plant-level data has the advantage of incorporating location-specific differences into the analysis, such as the contribution of renewable energy sources (solar, wind, etc.) to the power supply in the state in which the plant is located. The paper finds a significant negative effect of export intensity on energy intensity, confirming earlier findings. Also, on a relative scale, the energy-efficiency-enhancing effect of exporting is larger for relatively more energy-intensive industries. Further, increases in the share of renewable energy in the power supply make industries more energy efficient.
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The world's primary energy consumption in the last 40 years has been increasing at 2.2%/year while GDP growth has been 3.4%/years over the same period. The decline of the energy intensity (J=E/GDP) has been, therefore, of 1.2%/yea...
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The world's primary energy consumption in the last 40 years has been increasing at 2.2%/year while GDP growth has been 3.4%/years over the same period. The decline of the energy intensity (J=E/GDP) has been, therefore, of 1.2%/year. In order to reduce the world's consumption growth proposal have been made to reduce the world's energy intensity by 40% by 2030 which corresponds to a reduction of 2.5%/year, roughly the double of the historical decline. Our analysis shoes that such goal could only be achieved by an unprecedented reduction of the energy intensity of "services" (which represent less than half the world energy consumption) since energy intensity of industry has remained practically constant in the last 40 years.
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This article compares the development of transport and energy use with a focus on carbon dioxide (CO_2) emissions in the EU15 countries between 1960 and 2000, and separately by each individual EU country between 1970 and 2000. Bas...
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This article compares the development of transport and energy use with a focus on carbon dioxide (CO_2) emissions in the EU15 countries between 1960 and 2000, and separately by each individual EU country between 1970 and 2000. Based on a review on the literature, immaterialisation can be defined as the reduction of energy intensity and transport intensity; dematerialisation can be defined as the reduction in carbon intensity of energy production and the carbon intensity of transport; decarbonisation can be defined as the reduction in (total and transport) carbon intensity of the whole economy. Although there is a clear pattern of reduction in energy intensity of the economy and carbon intensity of energy production, a similar pattern cannot be found in transport. Neither the transport intensity of the economy nor the carbon intensity of transport has been reduced. In particular, freight transport intensity has grown between 1985 and 2000. Data presented by country have shown even more variation. The EU15 countries were aggregated into six groups by cluster analysis to establish the different patterns on each of the three measures. It is concluded that the EU15 countries will have problems in achieving the EU White Paper target of decoupling transport growth from economic growth and the Kyoto target of reducing total CO_2 emissions by 8% from the 1990 level between 2008 and 2012. However, there are some weak signals suggesting a more sustainable passenger transport system.
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In this paper we analyse how energy and carbon intensity indicators, which have huge popularity among policy makers, are framed in the discourse of think tanks, consulting groups and other stakeholders. What emerges from the analy...
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In this paper we analyse how energy and carbon intensity indicators, which have huge popularity among policy makers, are framed in the discourse of think tanks, consulting groups and other stakeholders. What emerges from the analysis of public documents, reports and policy briefs is that intensity indicators are often framed uncritically and unreflectively. Our analysis highlights three fundamental themes that emerge from public debates around intensity indicator. First, 'efficiency' and 'intensity' - often framed in terms of productivity - are used equivalently. Second, intensity is perceived as a measure of win-win sustainability in which economic growth can be decoupled from energy consumption without a substantial restructuring of the productive system. Third, the analysis suggests that energy and carbon intensity indicators are attractive for policy makers - especially in the so-called developing world - because they can be used to design political targets (e.g. Paris agreement) without questioning the right to economic growth of powerful emerging economies like the BRICS. The paper shows the strong limitations of intensity indicators and their potential do misguide policymakers. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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We conduct a comparative analysis of two energy efficiency indicators for China: heating value energy intensity (HEI) and economic value energy intensity (MEI). We formulate 1997-2002-2007-2012 hybrid energy comparable sequence us...
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We conduct a comparative analysis of two energy efficiency indicators for China: heating value energy intensity (HEI) and economic value energy intensity (MEI). We formulate 1997-2002-2007-2012 hybrid energy comparable sequence use tables in an input-output accounting framework, and compare the two indicators using a randomized block ANOVA. The results show that MEIs and HEIs have significantly different variability patterns among sectors and are evolutionarily divergent over time. The directional changes in MEI and HEI are found to be inconsistent at both the sectoral and national levels. A further analysis with a LMDI index decomposition model shows that the difference between HEI LMDI and HEI LMDI is principally caused by energy prices. Based on the evidence from the two indicators and their relationship to energy prices, we are unconvinced about China's purported improvements in energy efficiency in recent years. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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In multilateral comparisons of environmental performance over time, energy intensity measures, especially "real" energy intensity computed either by index decomposition approach or structural decomposition approach, are the most c...
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In multilateral comparisons of environmental performance over time, energy intensity measures, especially "real" energy intensity computed either by index decomposition approach or structural decomposition approach, are the most commonly used measures. Recently, researchers also resort to production-theoretical approach, which relies on data envelopment analysis techniques, to decompose energy intensity changes over time into their subcomponents. While their intuitiveness and computational ease make these indices attractive, their time series properties create considerable challenges in performing informative and fair comparisons among the energy efficiency levels of units considered. Furthermore, the resultant measure of energy intensity in these studies is still the inverse of a partial factor productivity (PFP) measure, i.e., energy productivity, that does not take into consideration compositional differences between inputs of the units being compared (which are also subject to change over time) and that ignores the type of substitution among inputs and, hence, makes it a measure that disguises rather than illuminates. The theoretical part of this paper shows how one can overcome the shortcomings of the energy intensity measure by constructing a new energy index using directional technology distance functions. The new index constructed in this study not only overcomes the shortcomings of the energy intensity measures but also satisfies the axiomatic properties of index numbers that are laid down by Fisher. An empirical application on U.S state-level agricultural sectors further complements existing studies.
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